Ear cancer: symptoms, causes, diagnosis & treatment

What is ear cancer?

Ear cancer usually occurs on the outer ear, most commonly in the skin cells. The medical term for this is squamous cell carcinoma, which originates from the flat cells lining the external ear canal and the auricle (the visible part of the ear).

Is ear cancer rare?

Yes, ear cancer is rare and affects 1 to 6 people per million each year, accounting for only a small percentage of cancer cases. Despite its rarity, early detection and treatment are essential for improving outcomes.

Who is most at risk?

Ear cancer can affect people of all ages, but it is more commonly diagnosed in older adults, typically between the ages of 60 and 70.

Ear cancer symptoms

Recognising the symptoms of ear cancer is vital for early diagnosis. Although symptoms can vary from person to person, the most common signs include:

Important: these symptoms can also be associated with less serious conditions, so it’s important to consult a doctor for a proper diagnosis.

How is ear cancer diagnosed?

Diagnosing ear cancer involves several steps, starting with a detailed medical history and a physical examination by an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist.

Diagnostic procedures may include:

Biopsy: a small tissue sample is taken from the suspicious area for lab testing to check for cancer cells.

Imaging tests: CT, MRI, or PET scans help determine the size of the cancer and whether it has spread.

Endoscopy: a thin, flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) is used to examine the ear canal in detail.

Fine needle aspiration: in some cases, a fine needle is used to extract cells for further analysis.

How is ear cancer treated?

Treatment for ear cancer depends on factors such as the stage of the cancer, its location, and your overall health.

Common treatment options may include:

Surgery: the cancerous tissue is surgically removed. Depending on the tumour's size and location, part of the ear or nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.

Radiotherapy: radiation therapy kills cancer cells or prevents them from growing. It may be used alone or in combination with surgery.

Chemotherapy: often used in advanced stages or when the cancer has spread, chemotherapy can help control the disease.

Targeted therapy: some drugs target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and may be used in certain cases.

What are the side effects of treatment?

Treatment for ear cancer can lead to several side effects, including:

Hearing loss: surgery and radiation therapy can result in partial or total hearing loss, depending on the extent of the treatment.

Changes in appearance: surgical procedures, especially if part of the outer ear is removed, can alter appearance.

Speech and swallowing difficulties: Surgery or radiation can sometimes affect speech and swallowing.

Emotional impact: coping with a cancer diagnosis and treatment can be emotionally challenging. Support from healthcare professionals, family, and friends is crucial.

Is ear cancer curable?

The prognosis for ear cancer depends on the stage at which it is diagnosed and the effectiveness of the treatment. Early detection and prompt treatment improve the chances of a positive outcome. Many people with early-stage ear cancer can be cured, whilst others may require ongoing treatment and regular follow-ups. Regular check-ups are essential to monitor for any recurrence.

Risk factors for ear cancer

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing ear cancer, including:

Ear cancer is a rare but serious condition that should not be underestimated. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and timely treatment are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life. Regular check-ups and awareness of risk factors can play a key role in early detection. While treating ear cancer can be challenging, advances in medicine offer hope and effective options for those affected.